GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Tissues: general characteristics and classification.

Methods for preparation of histological specimens.

For each of the following tissue structural, ultrastructural, functional characteristics and classification will be discussed:

Lining epithelia;

Exocrine gland epithelia. Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine and eccrine secretion;

Proper connective tissue. Intercellular substance of the connective tissue (fibres and ground substance). Biosynthesis of collagen. Connective tissue cells;

Adipose tissue (unilocular and multilocular adipose tissue);

Cartilage (hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilage);

Bone (woven and lamellar bone, compact and trabecular bone). Osteogenesis (intramembranous and endochondral ossification);

Muscle tissue (smooth, skeletal striated and cardiac striated muscle tissue). Sarcomere ultrastructure and mechanisms of contraction, neuromuscular spindle and Golgi tendon organ;

Nervous tissue (neurones and neuroglia). Myelin and myelination. Nervous fibres;

Blood tissue and  hematopoiesis;

Stem cells.

Tooth: enamel, dentine, cementum, dental pulp, priodontal membrane.

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

Introduction. Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and spermatozoa, oogenesis and oocytes).

Capacitation. Fertilization. Cortical reaction. Zygote.

First week of development: segmentation, morula, cavitation, blastocyst (embryoblast and trophoblast)

Implantation.

Early development of human embryo: formation of epiblast and ipoblast, bilaminar embryonic disc.

Late development of human embryo: primitive streak, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (gastrulation), formation of mesoderm, trilaminar embryonic disc, notochord and formation of body axes, neurulation (neural tube and neural crest cells).

Cephalo-caudal and lateral folding.

Germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm) and their derivatives.

Somites and their derivatives.

Pharyngeal arches and their derivatives.

Intra-embryonic Coelom formation.

Monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Teratogenic factors.