The course will be divided into sections comprising: An introductory part on the ethical and scientific significance of non-animal methods, approaches, and testing in human and environmental research; the 3Rs Principles (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement). Politics and Legislation of Animal Experimentation: the EU Regulation and Directive for animal and non-animal experimentation; the 3Rs within the regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), and the OECD Test Guidelines; From simplicity to complexity of testing models and approaches; Alternatives and non-animal testing approaches: in vivo, in vitro, in silico, Integrated Testing Strategies; Case studies on carcinogenicity and neurotoxicity of environmental contaminants: what we do, what we should do, and the way forward.

Evaluation: NO