Population Inversion and Stimulated Emission
Fundamental principles underlying the generation of laser light, with emphasis on the role of population inversion and stimulated emission as essential prerequisites.

Confocal Cavities and Gaussian Modes
Analysis of confocal optical cavities and the characteristics of the electric field in Gaussian modes, including implications for beam propagation and stability.

Linear and Nonlinear Excitation in Scanning Optical Microscopy
Exploration of the consequences of linear versus nonlinear excitation mechanisms in scanning optical microscopy, highlighting differences in resolution, signal generation, and imaging depth.

Biophysical Applications of Multiphoton Microscopy
Advanced applications of scanning microscopy in biophysics, focusing on two-photon and three-photon excitation techniques, as well as second- and third-harmonic generation processes for high-resolution imaging of biological systems.