The wrong price of the environment: The environment as an economic resource; growth, consumption, scarcity and sustainability; local pollution and global climate change; stocks and flows in emissions.
2. Negative externalities: Private and social costs; private and social benefits; inefficient competitive equilibria; deadweight loss from pollution; the logic of Pigouvian taxation.
3. Public goods and free riding: Non-rivalry and non-excludability; local, national and global public goods; free riding; climate as a global public good; the role of the state and international cooperation.
4. Common-pool resources and the tragedy of the commons: Common-pool resources; individual exploitation and collective inefficiency; fisheries, forests, water and the atmosphere; private property, public regulation and community governance.
5. Carbon tax: Pigouvian taxation; efficient tax levels; public revenue; double dividend; distributional effects; political acceptability of carbon pricing.
6. Cap-and-trade and permit markets: Tradable permits; emissions caps; auctions and free allocation; price volatility; comparison between carbon taxes and cap-and-trade; the EU ETS.
7. Standards, bans and direct regulation: Technology and performance standards; emissions limits; bans; price-based instruments versus command-and-control regulation; applications to cars, buildings and industry.
8. Subsidies, incentives and green industrial policy: Subsidies for renewables; incentives for energy efficiency; support for clean technologies; green public procurement; risks of capture and green industrial policy.
9. Information, nudges and environmental behaviour: Imperfect information; bounded rationality; energy labels; green defaults; social norms; consumption feedback; behavioural environmental economics.
10. How to evaluate an environmental policy: Correlation and causality; treatment and control groups; counterfactual reasoning; selection bias; environmental, economic and social outcomes.
11. Difference-in-differences for environmental policies: Intuition of difference-in-differences; before-after and treated-control comparisons; the parallel trends assumption; applications to taxes, regulations and local policies.
12. Experiments, quasi-experiments and environmental data: Randomised controlled trials; regression discontinuity; synthetic control; natural experiments; satellite, administrative, climate and georeferenced data.
13. Pollution and health: Particulate matter and other pollutants; mortality and morbidity; effects on children; productivity; health costs; the value of statistical life.
14. Environment and inequality: Environmental justice; unequal exposure to pollution; income, education and vulnerability; North-South and intergenerational inequalities.
15. Cities, transport and quality of life: Urban congestion; public transport; low-emission zones and congestion pricing; electric mobility; low-emission cities; urban green areas and heat islands.
16. Economics of climate change: Cumulative emissions; uncertainty; irreversibility; long time horizons; discounting; climate damages; the social cost of carbon.
17. Climate, agriculture, labour and migration: Temperature and agricultural productivity; droughts and extreme events; labour productivity; climate migration; vulnerability and adaptation.
18. Mitigation and adaptation: Emissions reduction; adaptation to climate damages; resilient infrastructure; climate insurance; coastal protection; resilient agriculture; risk management.
19. Green innovation and technological change: Induced innovation; green patents; path dependence and technological lock-in; learning by doing; the role of taxes, standards and subsidies; renewables, batteries, electric vehicles and carbon capture.
20. Green growth, degrowth and climate justice: Green growth; relative and absolute decoupling; limits of GDP; sufficiency and consumption; historical responsibility; climate justice and just transition.
21. Global climate policy and international negotiation: International agreements; carbon border adjustment; climate finance; technology transfer; adaptation; loss and damage; the role of governments, firms and citizens.